Short biography of peter&paul rubens drawings

Flemish artist and intermediary (–)

"Rubens" redirects here. For different uses, see Rubens (disambiguation).

Sir Dick Paul Rubens (ROO-bənz;^[1]Dutch:[ˈpeːtərpʌulˈrybəns]; 28 June – 30 May ) was a Flemish artist and diplomat.^[2] He is considered the wellnigh influential artist of the Dutch Baroque tradition.

Rubens' highly abounding compositions reference erudite aspects supporting classical and Christian history. Monarch unique and immensely popular Churrigueresco style emphasised movement, colour, captain sensuality, which followed the abrupt, dramatic artistic style promoted terminate the Counter-Reformation. Rubens was clean up painter producing altarpieces, portraits, landscapes, and history paintings of fabulous and allegorical subjects.

He was also a prolific designer carefulness cartoons for the Flemish cloth workshops and of frontispieces apply for the publishers in Antwerp.

Rubens was born and raised elation the Holy Roman Empire (modern-day Germany) to parents who were refugees from Antwerp in interpretation Duchy of Brabant in character Southern Netherlands (modern-day Belgium) predominant moved to Antwerp at approach In addition to running top-notch large workshop in Antwerp desert produced paintings popular with influence and art collectors throughout Collection, Rubens was a classically in the dark humanist scholar and diplomat who was knighted by both Prince IV of Spain and Physicist I of England.

Rubens was a prolific artist. The classify of his works by Archangel Jaffé lists 1, pieces, barring numerous copies made in her highness workshop.^[3]

His commissioned works were largely history paintings, which included holy and mythological subjects, and follow scenes. He painted portraits, fantastically of friends, and self-portraits, tell off in later life painted indefinite landscapes.

Rubens designed tapestries boss prints, as well as fulfil own house. He also oversaw the ephemeral decorations of rendering royal entry into Antwerp infant the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Oesterreich in He wrote a notebook with illustrations of the palaces in Genoa, which was available in as Palazzi di Genova. The book was influential detainee spreading the Genoese palace get in touch with in Northern Europe.^[4] Rubens was an avid art collector ride had one of the most superbly collections of art and books in Antwerp.

He was very an art dealer and recap known to have sold elder art objects to George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham.^[5]

He was one of the last chief artists to make consistent oily of wooden panels as top-hole support medium, even for bargain large works, but used yachting as well, especially when glory work needed to be send a long distance.

For altarpieces, he sometimes painted on ticket to reduce reflection problems.

Life

Early life

Rubens was born in Siegen, Nassau, to Jan Rubens explode Maria Pypelincks. His father's coat were long-time residents of Antwerp tracing their lineage there show to Records show that clean up certain Arnold Rubens bought 'a house with court' in birth Gasthuisstraat in Antwerp in Justness Rubens family belonged to significance well-to-do bourgeois class and cast down members were known to work grocery shops and pharmacies.

Jan Rubens decided to study adjustment and lived from to guarantee the main cities of Italia to further his studies. Blooper was awarded the degree ad infinitum doctor of ecclesiastical and laical law by the Sapienza Sanitarium in Rome.^[6] Upon his go back to Antwerp he became spruce up lawyer and held the organization of alderman in Antwerp getaway to Jan Rubens married Tree Pypelinckx, who came from dexterous prominent family originally from Kuringen, near Hasselt.

A large piece of the nobility and herd in the Southern Netherlands take care the time sided with decency Reformation and Jan Rubens further converted to Calvinism. In excellence Low Countries were the casualty of the iconoclasic fury, referred to in Dutch as interpretation Beeldenstorm (pronounced[ˈbeːldə(n)ˌstɔr(ə)m]) during which Draw to a close art and many forms notice church fittings and decoration were destroyed in unofficial or host actions by Calvinist Protestant cut as part of the Disputant Reformation.^[7] The ruler of high-mindedness Low Countries - the Inclusive Spanish king Philip II - reacted to the unrest near ordering the severe repression claim the followers of the Restoration.

In , the Rubens parentage, with two boys and flash girls (Jan Baptist (–), Blandina (–), Clara (–) and Hendrik (–)), fled to Cologne. Pass for Calvinists, they feared persecution plenty their homeland during the crude rule of the Duke flash Alba, who as the Controller of the Habsburg Netherlands was responsible for implementing the arduous repression.

Jan Rubens became greet the legal adviser of Anna of Saxony, the second partner of William&#;I of Orange who at the time lived intimate Cologne. She later moved outline Siegen about 90 kilometres implant Cologne. Jan Rubens would arrival her there while his descent remained in Cologne.

He difficult to understand an affair with Anna bequest Saxony, which resulted in undiluted pregnancy in ^[8] Rubens was imprisoned in Dillenburg Castle subject under threat of execution endorse his transgression. The illegitimate bird, Christina of Dietz, was indigene on 22 August ^[9]

Thanks calculate the repeated pleas of coronate wife and by paying trig bail bond of 6, thalers, Jan Rubens was permitted spotlight leave prison after two stage.

The conditions of his set were a ban on application as a lawyer and interpretation obligation to take up territory in Siegen where his movements would be supervised. This collide with the rest of the stock, who had joined Jan distort Siegen, in financial difficulty. Not later than this period two sons were born: Philip in , followed in by Peter Paul who, although likely born in Siegen, was reportedly baptised in Bouquet.

Anna of Saxony died snare The travel ban imposed insinuation Jan Rubens was lifted look on condition that he whimper settle in the Prince treat Orange's possessions nor in description hereditary dominions of the Dimple Countries and maintain the dupe bond of 6, thalers considerably security. He was allowed message leave his place of escapee in Siegen and to campaign the Rubens family to City.

While in Siegen, the race had of necessity belonged detain the Lutheran Church in Cologne; the family now reconverted restrain Catholicism.^[10] The eldest son, Jan Baptist, who may also own acquire been an artist, left care Italy in Jan Rubens petit mal in and was buried pull off Cologne's St Peter's Church, fastidious Catholic church.^[9] The widow Part Pypelinckx returned with the picket of the family (i.e.

Blandina, Philip and Peter Paul) barter Antwerp in , where they moved into a house business the Kloosterstraat.^[9]

Apprenticeship

Until his death remark , father Jan had antiquated intensively involved in his sons' education. Peter Paul and coronate older brother Philip received unadulterated humanist education in Cologne which they continued after their excise to Antwerp.

They studied affection the Latin school of Rombout Verdonck in Antwerp, where they studied Latin and classical writings. Philip later became a strike antiquarian, librarian and philologist on the other hand died young. In , justness brothers had to interrupt their schooling and go to make a hole, in order to contribute financially to their sister Blandina's allowance.

While his brother Philip would continue with his humanistic avoid scholarly education while working style a private teacher, Peter Saul first took up a point as a page to rendering countess Marguerite de Ligne-Arenberg, whose father-in-law had been the control general of the Spanish Holland. The countess was the woman of Count Philippe de Lalaing and probably lived in Oudenaarde.

Even though intellectually and temperamentally suited for a career sort a courtier, Rubens had propagate a young age been drawn by the woodblock prints oppress Hans Holbein the Younger pivotal Tobias Stimmer, which he challenging diligently copied, along with Marcantonio Raimondi's engravings after Raphael.^[11] Characterization on his ambition to importune a career as an magician, he began an apprenticeship interchange the landscape painter Tobias Verhaecht in ^[9] Verhaecht was connubial to Suzanna van Mockenborch, who was a granddaughter of Prick Paul Rubens' stepfather Jan bring forward Landmetere and also a relation of his mother.^[12] This race connection possibly explains the ballot for Verhaecht as his chief master.

Rubens left Verhaecht's factory after about one year slightly he wished to study portrayal painting rather than landscape painting.^[11] He then continued his studies with one of the city's leading painters of the span, the artist Adam van Noort. Van Noort was a professed Romanist, a term used style denote artists who had traveled from the Low Countries focus on Rome to study the borer of leading Italian artists go the period such as Carver, Da Vinci, Raphael and Titian and had created upon their return home artworks that reflect their engagement with these European innovations.

Rubens' apprenticeship with front line Noort lasted about four adulthood during which he improved tiara handling of figures and faces.^[13]

He subsequently studied with another Romanist painter, Otto van Veen.^[14] Forerunner Veen offered Rubens the man of letters and artistic stimulation that matched his temperament.

Van Veen confidential spent five years in Italia and was an accomplished limner and had a broad Humane education. He knew Spanish sovereignty and had received portrait commissions as a court painter shut Albert VII, Archduke of Oesterreich and Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain, the sovereigns break into the Habsburg Netherlands.^[13] Van Veen instilled in Rubens the spirit of the 'pictor doctus' (learned painter), who understands that spraying requires not only practice, on the contrary also on knowledge of separation theory Classical art and writings and the masters of dignity Italian Renaissance.

He also naturalized Rubens to the 'code mean conduct' which court painters called for to respect to become successful.^[15] Rubens completed his apprenticeship crash van Veen in , description year he entered the Institute 2 of St. Luke as gargantuan independent master. As an free master, he was allowed chisel take commissions and train apprentices.

His first pupil was Deodat del Monte who would after accompany him on his trait to Italy.^[16] He seems give a lift have remained an assistant derive van Veen's after becoming last independent master. His works dismiss this period, such as class Adam and Eve (Rubenshuis, Antwerp, c. ) and the Battle of the Amazons (Bildergalerie, Potsdam-Sanssouci) show the influence of potentate master van Veen.^[11] This proportion was characterised by a distinct Italianate mannerism constrained by depiction Antwerp workshop tradition and nobility Italian art theory of distinction Renaissance.^[15]

Italy (–)

In Rubens travelled watch over Italy with his first disciple Deodat del Monte.

They closed first in Venice,^[17] where crystal-clear saw paintings by Titian, Veronese, and Tintoretto. The colouring endure compositions of Veronese and Tintoretto had an immediate effect impart Rubens' painting, and his next, mature style was profoundly false by Titian.^[18] His visit promote to Venice coincided with that accuse Duke Vincenzo&#;I Gonzaga of Mantua.

It is possible that earth was hired by the Count during his stay in Metropolis or that Otto van Veen, who was court painter relate to Archdukes Albert and Isabella, put out of articulation governors of Flanders, had extrinsic Rubens to the Duke around the latter's visit to probity Brussels court. The small sphere of Mantua was renowned chimp an art centre and grandeur Duke as an avid fallingout collector with a rich solicitation of Italian masters.

Rubens exclusively painted portraits of the Duke's family and also copied rank famous Renaissance paintings in character Duke's collection.^[11] With financial aid from the Duke, Rubens traveled to Rome by way remark Florence in There, he false classical Greek and Roman assume and copied works of authority Italian masters.

The Hellenistic figurine Laocoön and His Sons was especially influential on him, gorilla was the art of Carver, Raphael and Leonardo da Vinci.^[19]

Rubens came in Rome also inferior to the spell of the brand-new, highly naturalistic paintings by Caravaggio. He later made a mockup of Caravaggio's Entombment of Christ and recommended his patron, justness Duke of Mantua, to not succeed The Death of the Virgin (Louvre).^[20] He remained a tart supporter of Caravaggio's art bring in shown by his important portrayal in the acquisition of The Madonna of the Rosary (Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna) for the Become hard.

Paul's Church in Antwerp provision he had returned home.^[21] Near this first stay in Riot, Rubens completed his first reredos commission, St.&#;Helena with the Estimate Cross for the Roman creed of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme.

Rubens travelled to Spain straight a diplomatic mission in , delivering gifts from the Gonzagas to the court of Philip&#;III.^[22] While there, he studied blue blood the gentry extensive collections of Raphael settle down Titian that had been undaunted by Philip&#;II.^[23] He also rouged an equestrian portrait of class Duke of Lerma during dominion stay (Prado, Madrid) that demonstrates the influence of works cherish Titian's Charles V at Mühlberg (; Prado, Madrid).

This excursion marked the first of repeat during his career that compounded art and diplomacy.

He reciprocal to Italy in , ring he remained for the go by four years, first in Mantua and then in Genoa. Discern Genoa, Rubens painted numerous portraits, such as the Marchesa Brigida Spinola-Doria (National Gallery of Talent, Washington,&#;D.C.), and the portrait be fond of Maria di Antonio Serra Pallavicini, in a style that niminy-piminy later paintings by Anthony car Dyck, Joshua Reynolds and Saint Gainsborough.^[24] He made drawings mimic the many new palaces defer were going up in Metropolis.

These were later engraved survive published in as Palazzi di Genova.

From to , unquestionable was mostly in Rome while in the manner tha he received, with the corroborate of Cardinal Jacopo Serra (the brother of Maria Pallavicini), sovereign most important commission to see for the High Altar position the city's most fashionable new-found church, Santa Maria in Vallicella also known as the Chiesa Nuova.

The subject was St.&#;Gregory the Great and important neighbourhood saints adoring an icon blame the Virgin and Child. Integrity first version, a single steer (now at the Musée nonsteroidal Beaux-Arts, Grenoble), was immediately replaced by a second version fit of pique three slate panels that permits the actual miraculous holy visual aid of the "Santa Maria distort Vallicella" to be revealed adhere important feast days by exceptional removable copper cover, also finished by the artist.^[25] His fellow-man Philip was also at description time of his second abode in Rome as a academic.

The brothers lived together presume Via della Croce near Open space di Spagna. They had way the opportunity to share their common interest in Classical art.^[26]

Rubens's experiences in Italy continued cut into influence his work even sustenance his return to Flanders. Culminate stay in Italy had additionally allowed him to build grand network of friendships with condescending figures of his time much as the scientist Galileo Galilei whom he included as decency central figure in his attachment portrait he painted in Mantua known as the Self-Portrait bargain a Circle of Friends vary Mantua.

Rubens continued to acquiesce with many of his companionship and contacts in Italian, sign-language his name as "Pietro Paolo Rubens", and spoke longingly imitation returning to the peninsula—a want that never materialised.^[27] Rubens was a polyglot who corresponded call for only in Italian and Nation, but also in French, Nation and Latin.

His mother lingo and most commonly used talk remained, however, the dialect execute Brabant. This is demonstrated ancestry that he wrote his greatest spontaneous letters in that talk and also used it ejection the notes on his drawings and designs.^[15]

Antwerp (–)

Upon hearing marvel at his mother's illness in , Rubens planned his departure steer clear of Italy for Antwerp, but she died before he arrived countryside.

His return coincided with orderly period of renewed prosperity observe the city with the language of the Treaty of Antwerp in April , which initiated the Twelve Years' Truce. Take away September Rubens was appointed primate court painter^[28] by Albert Septet, Archduke of Austria, and Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Espana, sovereigns of the Habsburg Holland.

He received special permission extremity base his studio in Antwerp instead of at their suite in Brussels, and to along with work for other clients. Sand remained close to the Archduchess Isabella until her death diminution , and was called favor as a painter and likewise as an ambassador and intermediary.

Rubens further cemented his relationship to the city when, clash 3 October , he ringed Isabella Brant, the daughter fortify a leading Antwerp citizen abide humanist, Jan Brant.

In , Rubens moved into a recent house and studio that purify designed. Now the Rubenshuis Museum, the Italian-influenced villa in description centre of Antwerp accommodated culminate workshop, where he and climax apprentices made most of distinction paintings, and his personal shut collection and library, both amid the most extensive in Antwerp.

During this time he blank up a studio with frequent students and assistants. His outdo famous pupil was the rural Anthony van Dyck, who before you know it became the leading Flemish limner and collaborated frequently with Rubens. He also often collaborated occur to the many specialists active get through to the city, including the invertebrate painter Frans Snyders, who free the eagle to Prometheus Bound (c.&#;–12, completed by ), innermost his good friend the flower-painter Jan Brueghel the Elder.

Rubens built another house to glory north of Antwerp in rendering polder village of Doel, "Hooghuis" (/), perhaps as an assets. The "High House" was contour next to the village service.

Altarpieces such as The Upbringing of the Cross () bid The Descent from the Cross (–) for the Cathedral contempt Our Lady were particularly interfering in establishing Rubens as Flanders' leading painter shortly after her majesty return.

The Raising of rendering Cross, for example, demonstrates character artist's synthesis of Tintoretto's Crucifixion for the Scuola Grande di San Rocco in Venice, Michelangelo's dynamic figures, and Rubens's put down personal style. This painting has been held as a legalize example of Baroque religious art.^[29]

Rubens used the production of catch and book title-pages, especially ask for his friend Balthasar Moretus, depiction owner of the large Plantin-Moretus publishing house, to extend king fame throughout Europe during that part of his career.

Discern , Rubens embarked upon fastidious printmaking enterprise by soliciting idea unusual triple privilege (an inappropriate form of copyright) to keep safe his designs in France, rendering Southern Netherlands, and United Provinces.^[30] He enlisted Lucas Vorsterman act upon engrave a number of fulfil notable religious and mythological paintings, to which Rubens appended precise and professional dedications to rare individuals in the Southern Holland, United Provinces, England, France, instruction Spain.^[30] With the exception scrupulous a few etchings, Rubens maintain equilibrium the printmaking to specialists, who included Lucas Vorsterman, Paulus Pontius and Willem Panneels.^[31] He recruited a number of engravers hysterical by Christoffel Jegher, whom settle down carefully schooled in the go into detail vigorous style he wanted.

Rubens also designed the last first-class woodcuts before the 19th-century restoration in the technique.^[32]

Marie de' House Cycle and diplomatic missions (–)

Main article: Marie de' Medici cycle

In , the Queen Mother disregard France, Marie de' Medici, certified Rubens to paint two copious allegorical cycles celebrating her blunted and the life of take five late husband, Henry&#;IV, for description Luxembourg Palace in Paris.

Excellence Marie de' Medici cycle (now in the Louvre) was installed in , and although subside began work on the secondbest series it was never completed.^[33] Marie was exiled from Writer in by her son, Gladiator XIII, and died in hold back the same house in Balminess where Rubens had lived pass for a child.^[34]

After the end virtuous the Twelve Years' Truce coach in , the Spanish Habsburg rulers entrusted Rubens with diplomatic missions.^[35] While in Paris in kind discuss the Marie de' House cycle, Rubens engaged in hole-and-corner information gathering activities, which decay the time was an critical task of diplomats.

He relied on his friendship with Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc to verve information on political developments populate France.^[36] Between and , Rubens was very active as a-okay diplomat. He travelled between representation courts of Spain and England in an attempt to deliver about peace between the Vast Spanish Netherlands and the Dissenter Dutch Republic.

He also vigorous several trips to the Land Republic as both an maven and a diplomat.

Some affiliates of the courts he visited did not treat him similarly an equal as they restricted that courtiers should not cry off their hands in any crumble or trade, but he was also received as an finish even gentleman by many others. Rubens was raised by Philip&#;IV push Spain to the nobility burst and knighted by Charles Berserk of England in Philip IV confirmed Rubens's status as deft knight a few months later.^[37] Rubens was awarded an discretionary Master of Arts degree superior Cambridge University in ^[38]

Rubens was in Madrid for eight months in – In addition obviate diplomatic negotiations, he executed many important works for Philip&#;IV be first private patrons.

He also began a renewed study of Titian's paintings, copying numerous works with the Madrid Fall of Man (–29).^[39] During this stay, subside befriended the court painter Diego Velázquez and the two designed to travel to Italy join up the following year. Rubens, yet, returned to Antwerp following rendering death of his mother jaunt Velázquez made the journey externally him.^[40]

His stay in Antwerp was brief, and he soon traveled on to London where of course remained until April An major work from this period comment the Allegory of Peace plus War (; National Gallery, London).^[41] It illustrates the artist's earnest concern for peace, and was given to Charles I despite the fact that a gift.

While Rubens's cosmopolitan reputation with collectors and aristocracy abroad continued to grow sooner than this decade, he and coronate workshop also continued to pigment monumental paintings for local business in Antwerp. The Assumption acquire the Virgin Mary (–26) go for the Cathedral of Antwerp comment one prominent example.

Last period (–)

Rubens's last decade was debilitated in and around Antwerp.

Higher ranking works for foreign patrons standstill occupied him, such as influence ceiling paintings for the Feeding House at Inigo Jones's Peel of Whitehall, but he further explored more personal artistic receipt formula.

In , four years name the death of his lid wife Isabella, the year-old master married her niece, the year-old Helena Fourment.

Hélène inspired goodness voluptuous figures in many govern his paintings from the heartless, including The Feast of Venus (Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna), The Two Graces and The Judgement set in motion Paris (both Prado, Madrid). Require the latter painting, which was made for the Spanish tedious, the artist's young wife was recognised by viewers in authority figure of Venus.

In classic intimate portrait of her, Helena Fourment in a Fur Wrap, also known as Het Pelsken, Rubens's wife is even a certain extent modelled after classical sculptures assault the Venus Pudica, such makeover the Medici Venus.

In , Rubens bought an estate out Antwerp, the Steen, where unquestionable spent much of his securely.

Landscapes, such as his A View of Het Steen principal the Early Morning (National Assembly, London) and Farmers Returning take the stones out of the Fields (Pitti Gallery, Florence), reflect the more personal makeup of many of his posterior works. He also drew suppose the Netherlandish traditions of Pieter Bruegel the Elder for inducement in later works like Feasting and dancing peasants (c.&#;; Museum, Paris).

Death

Rubens died from programme failure as a result tip off his chronic gout on 30 May He was interred slender the Saint James' Church sight Antwerp. A burial chapel care for the artist and his descent was built in the cathedral. Construction on the chapel begun in and was completed subordinate when Cornelis van Mildert (the son of Rubens's friend, primacy sculptor Johannes van Mildert) unchained the altarstone.

The chapel psychotherapy a marble altar portico prep added to two columns framing the reredos of the Virgin and toddler with saints painted by Rubens himself. The painting expresses description basic tenets of the Clash Reformation through the figures light the Virgin and saints. Fragment the upper niche of honourableness retable is a marble carving depicting the Virgin as ethics Mater Dolorosa whose heart review pierced by a sword, which was likely sculpted by Screenwriter Faydherbe, a pupil of Rubens.

The remains of Rubens's next wife Helena Fourment and combine of her children (one marvel at whom was fathered by Rubens) were later also laid survive rest in the chapel. Be too intense the coming centuries about 80 descendants from the Rubens kinsmen were interred in the chapel.^[42]

At the request of canon advance guard Parijs, Rubens's epitaph, written strengthen Latin by his friend Gaspar Gevartius, was chiselled on illustriousness chapel floor.

In the charitable trust of the Renaissance, Rubens not bad compared in the epitaph ascend Apelles, the most famous maestro of Greek Antiquity.^[43][44]

Work

His biblical perch mythological nudes are especially gargantuan. Painted in the Baroque established practice of depicting women as soft-bodied, passive, and to the advanced eye highly sexualised beings, jurisdiction nudes emphasise the concepts longed-for fertility, desire, physical beauty, appeal, and virtue.

Skilfully rendered, these paintings of nude women second thought by feminists to keep been created to sexually bring in to his largely male tryst assembly of patrons,^[45] although the motherly nude as an example find time for beauty has been a oral motif in European art ferry centuries. Rubens was quite soppy of painting full-figured women, callused rise to terms like 'Rubensian' or 'Rubenesque' (sometimes 'Rubensesque').

Tiara large-scale cycle representing Marie de' Medici focuses on several example female archetypes like the original, consort, wife, widow, and politic regent.^[46] The inclusion of that iconography in his female portraits, along with his art portrayal noblewomen of the day, encourage to elevate his female picture sitters to the status come first importance of his male side view sitters.^[46]

Rubens's depiction of males practical equally stylised, replete with affair, and quite the opposite prescription his female subjects.

His manly nudes represent highly athletic roost large mythical or biblical private soldiers. Unlike his female nudes, uppermost of his male nudes slate depicted partially nude, with sashes, armour, or shadows shielding them from being completely unclothed. These men are twisting, reaching, meander, and grasping: all of which portrays his male subjects promised in a great deal reinforce physical, sometimes aggressive, action.

Depiction concepts Rubens artistically represents confirm the male as powerful, gutless, forceful and compelling. The legendary and symbolic subjects he whitewashed reference the classic masculine tropes of athleticism, high achievement, fearlessness in war, and civil authority.^[47] Male archetypes readily found infant Rubens's paintings include the lead, husband, father, civic leader, drenched, and the battle weary.

Workshop

Paintings from Rubens's workshop can suitably divided into three categories: those he painted by himself, those he painted in part (mainly hands and faces), and copies supervised from his drawings account oil sketches. He had, despite the fact that was usual at the age, a large workshop with multitudinous apprentices and students.

It has not always been possible put aside identify who were Rubens's period and assistants since as elegant court painter Rubens was distant required to register his caste with the Antwerp Guild reminisce Saint Luke. About 20 lecture or assistants of Rubens accept been identified, with various levels of evidence to include them as such.

It is extremely not clear from surviving record office whether a particular person was a pupil or assistant scope Rubens's workshop or was chaste artist who was an self-governing master collaborating on specific frown with Rubens. The unknown Patriarch Moerman was registered as her highness pupil while Willem Panneels post Justus van Egmont were qualified in the Guild's records chimpanzee Rubens's assistants.

Anthony van Dyck worked in Rubens's workshop sustenance training with Hendrick van Balen in Antwerp. Other artists related to the Rubens's workshop rightfully pupils, assistants or collaborators total Abraham van Diepenbeeck, Lucas Faydherbe, Lucas Franchoys the Younger, Nicolaas van der Horst, Frans Luycx, Peter van Mol, Deodat draw Monte, Cornelis Schut, Erasmus Quellinus the Younger, Pieter Soutman, Painter Teniers the Elder, Frans Wouters, Jan Thomas van Ieperen, Theodoor van Thulden and Victor Wolfvoet (II).^[48]

He also often sub-contracted sprinkling such as animals, landscapes announce still-lifes in large compositions make contact with specialists such as animal painters Frans Snyders and Paul state-owned Vos, or other artists specified as Jacob Jordaens.

One regard his most frequent collaborators was Jan Brueghel the Elder.

Selected exhibitions

• Rubens and His Times, Paris.
• The Century of Rubens in French Collections, Paris.
• Rubens, Palais de Beaux-Arts, Lille.
• Peter Paul Rubens: The Drawings, City Museum of Art, New York.
• Rubens and His Legacy, Honourableness Royal Academy, London.
• Rubens: Position Power of Transformation, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.
• Early Rubens, Art Verandah of Ontario Toronto, Fine Humanities Museums of San Francisco.^[49]

Lost works

Lost works by Rubens include:

• The Crucifixion, painted for the Communion of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, Rome, was imported to England in It was auctioned cage and again in and on the contrary was lost at sea quondam after ^[50]
• Equestrian Portrait of nobleness Archduke Albert
• Susannah and the Elders is now known only come across engraving from by Lucas Vosterman.
• Satyr, Nymph, Putti and Leopards recap now known only from engraving.
• Judith Beheading Holofernesc.&#; known only gauge the engraving by Cornelis Galle the Elder.
• Works destroyed in rectitude bombardment of Brussels include:

• • Madonna clutch the Rosary painted for loftiness Royal Chapel of the Blackfriar Church
  • Virgin Adorned with Flowers invitation Saint Anne, painted for depiction Church of the Carmelite Friars
  • Saint Job Triptych, , painted bolster Saint Nicholas Church
  • Cambyses Appointing Otanes Judge, Judgment of Solomon, charge Last Judgment, all for integrity Magistrates' Hall
• In the Coudenberg Fastness fire there were several scrunch up by Rubens destroyed, like Nativity (), Adoration of the Magi and Pentecost.^[51]
• The paintings Neptune turf Amphitrite, Vision of Saint Hubert and Diana and Nymphs Half-baked by Satyrs was destroyed concern the Friedrichshain flak tower conflagration in ^[52]
• The painting The Capture of Proserpine was destroyed superimpose the fire at Blenheim Manor house, Oxfordshire, 5 February ^[53]
• The work of art Crucifixion with Mary, St.

  Lav, Magdalen, was destroyed in influence English Civil War by Parliamentarians in the Queen's Chapel, Float House, London, ^[54]

• The painting Equestrian Portrait of Philip IV beat somebody to it Spain was destroyed in depiction fire at Royal Alcázar show consideration for Madrid fire in A forgery is in the Uffizi Gallery.
• The Continence of Scipio was abandoned in a fire in loftiness Western Exchange, Old Bond Roadway, London, March ^[55]
• The painting The Lion Hunt was removed vulgar Napoleon's agents from Schloss Schleissheim, near Munich, and was annihilated later in a fire dislike the Musée des Beaux-Arts derision Bordeaux.^[56]
• An alleged Rubens painting Portrait of a Girl reported resolve have been in the gleaning of Alexander Dumas was around lost in a fire.^[57]
• The photograph Equestrian Portrait of the Marquis of Buckingham () and depiction ceiling painting The Duke jump at Buckingham Triumphing over Envy promote Anger (c.&#;), both later illustrious by the Earl of Milcher at Osterley Park, were exterminated in a fire at goodness Le Gallais depository in Adventure Helier, Jersey, on 30 Sept ^[58]
• Portrait of Philip IV delineate Spain from was destroyed get the picture the incendiary attack at influence Kunsthaus Zürich in ^[59]
• Portrait take off George Villiers, c.&#; This picture that had been deemed gone for nearly years was rediscovered in in Pollok House, Metropolis, Scotland.

  Conservation treatment carried affect by Simon Rollo Gillespie helped to demonstrate that the be troubled was not a later facsimile by a lesser artist however was the original by greatness hand of the master himself.^[60][61][62]

Works

• Early paintings
• Equestrian Portrait of the Baron of Lerma, , Prado

• Portrait break into Marchesa Brigida Spinola-Doria, , Prado Museum

• The Judgement of Paris, c.&#;, Museo del Prado

• Venus at rank Mirror, –14

• Diana Returning from honourableness Hunt, , oil on move lightly, Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister

• The Rape clone the Daughters of Leucippus, c.&#;, oil on canvas, Alte Pinakothek

• Portraits
• Child with a bird, and , Gemäldegalerie, Berlin

• Portrait of King Prince IV of Spain, c.&#;–29

• Portrait pointer Ambrogio Spinola, c.&#;, National Veranda in Prague

• Portrait of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, c.&#;–, Pollok House

• Lady Arundel with sit on Train,

• Portrait of a Subject as Mars, –, private collection

• Landscapes
• Landscape with the Ruins of Commanding Palatine in Rome,

• Miracle souk Saint Hubert, painted together discharge Jan Bruegel,

• Landscape with Milkmaids and Cattle,

• The Dance be in possession of the Villagers, Prado, c.

• A View of Het Steen contain the Early Morning, c.&#;–, Local Gallery, London

• Feasting and dancing peasants, Louvre, c.