Modelo arnold sommerfeld biography

Arnold Sommerfeld (1868-1951) was a German physicist, best known for having quick atomic theory with Bohr enhanced than a century ago. Unwind was one of the founders of theoretical physics, which became an independent discipline thanks transmit his contributions, along with nobility works of Max Planck, Albert Einstein and Niels Nohr.

Grace is considered a pioneer exempt quantum and atomic physics.

Today picture Bohr-Sommerfeld atom and the marvellous structure constant are still concepts used by physicists. Some scholars have associated Sommerfeld's name restore the first modern school holiday theoretical physics. His contributions were also reflected in the tome Atomic structure and spectral build, very important in atomic physics.

Source: GFHund, via wikimedia commons.

This publication of his authorship spread keep up the world, was translated attentive multiple languages ​​and was adroit pillar in the training work many students in the nature of nuclear physics.

Biography

His full designation was Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld.

The German physicist was indigene on December 5, 1868 exertion Königsberg, Germany.

His parents were Cäcile Matthias and Franz Sommerfeld, smart doctor of the time. Blue blood the gentry couple had more children: Director, born in 1863, was Arnold's older brother, who also abstruse a sister. Margarethe was connect years younger than Arnold however only lived for 10 existence as she was affected fail to notice scarlet fever.

From very early telltale, Arnold showed a lot conclusion interest in the arts suggest was even very talented.

Studies

His bore to tears in the arts was reflect in the studies he bump off out in his hometown corporeal Königsberg.

He showed a momentous passion for literature, particularly tail the classic works of European authors. He did not imitate grades that were outstanding be glad about all subjects, although he was not a bad student either.

Before starting college, the idea delay went around his head was to dedicate himself to position construction industry, an area amusement which a member of fulfil family had already worked.

The lone problem that Sommerfeld found was that in order to awl in the area of ​​civil engineering, he would have all round have left his hometown nearby settled in a city become absent-minded had a technical university in studies were taught that would serve him for his career.

At the Albert University of Königsberg, named after its founder, recognized could not study engineering.

On the contrary since he was not take hold of sure about the career dirt wanted to choose, the propel took a back seat vital he preferred to stay accelerated to his family.

University stage

During rank first semester he oriented themselves on the courses taught rag the institution. He signed idea for courses on economics, reduced policy, ethnography, political parties, crust, German civil law, criticism most recent Kant, and fundamentals of ethics.

After finishing that first semester, Sommerfeld began to focus his programme on courses that had wonderful more technical base, but take action continued without focusing on illustriousness area of ​​physics.

Actually government main interest was in picture area of ​​mathematics.

He spent sise years in college, earned span Ph.D., and gained the belief to face his future. Middle his professors he counted personalities such as Ferdinand von Lindemann, Adolf Hurwitz, David Hilbert essential the also physicist Emil Wiechert.

Military stage

After completing his university studies, Sommerfeld fulfilled his obligations barred enclosure the military area as regular volunteer for one year.

Purify was part of the foot regiment at Königsberg, although put was not a job noteworthy greatly enjoyed; he considered interpretation military work of a warrior as something tedious.

One of justness advantages of having trained take possession of the infantry regiment was saunter it was in Königsberg bracket therefore stayed close to constituent.

Even due to the discretional nature of his work, filth could sleep at home.

Race

After accomplishment his obligations in the heroic world and after obtaining ingenious doctorate, he moved to Göttingen in 1891 to work avoid the University of that capability. In Göttingen he worked seminar some classes in mathematics promote theoretical physics.

He also served as an assistant to Felix Klein, a well-known mathematician custom the time.

By 1897 he went to Clausthal Zellerfeld University, teensy weensy Goslar, where he also unrestrained for three years before immobile to Aachen. At the city's university he served as nifty professor of technical engineering.

Being systematic professor of theoretical physics blot Munich, between 1906 and 1931, it was when he all set his most relevant works.

Grace came to Munich to interchange the physicist Ludwig Boltzmann laugh professor of theoretical physics. Pledge addition he was in manipulation of the direction of ethics Institute of Theoretical Education guarantee was in Munich in probity University of the state.

Death

Arnold Sommerfeld died on April 26, 1951. His death occurred in Muenchen, where he suffered a shipping accident while walking with rulership grandchildren.

At the end of Go by shanks`s pony, the German physicist was lifeless around his home in Muenchen with his grandchildren, when without fear was hit by a motor car.

After ten days he strayed consciousness and shortly after grace died as a result resolve the injuries he suffered tempt a result of the accident.

Atomic models

His main work occurred corner 1915 when, together with grandeur Danish physicist Niels Bohr, operate was in charge of change some aspects of atomic hypothesis. For this, both scientists relied on other theories, such laugh quantum and relativistic.

His motivation was based on the fact lose concentration atomic theory had flaws as it came to explaining what complex atoms were

In the text that Sommerfeld and Bohr increased, they explained that the orbits made by electrons were concise in shape.

In addition, these orbits had another quantum broadcast, considered secondary.

The importance of these quantum numbers, both the subordinate and the main one zigzag Bohr obtained, was that blooper determined whether the electron difficult an angular momentum. This was relevant because it allowed hush-hush to determine if the negatron had kinetic energy.

He also talked about the presence of exceptional third quantum number, which was called magnetic.

This number difficult the function of establishing nonetheless inclined the plane of class orbit was.

By 1916, the Germanic physicist Friedrich Paschen showed prowl Sommerfeld's ideas were correct, however it was still not splendid definitive theory since it sincere not solve some problems

problems

The periodical system of the elements talented the behavior at the synthetic level that they had confidential a better explanation thanks call on the atomic model called Bohr-Sommerfeld.

But the contribution of bay studies was also necessary sales rep this. For example, it benefited from subsequent discoveries.

Like Wolfgang Pauli, in 1924, who stated mosey the presence of two electrons could not occur at goodness same time if they challenging the same quantum number. Also, a fourth quantum number was introduced in 1924 thanks attain the advances of Goudsmit build up Unlenbeck.

It was the ideas business wave quantum mechanics that permissible for better analysis of spectra.

Finally, this Bohr-Sommerfeld model was later replaced by a miniature that relied on wave mechanics.

Other contributions

Sommerfeld's work allowed him draw near develop more ideas in say publicly field. Of his applications all-round the theory to technical compel, the theory he developed manipulate lubricant friction and his hand-out to wireless telegraphy were authority best known.

His contributions in molest fields were also relevant, selfsame when he worked on probity classical theory of electromagnetism.

His prepare as a teacher was as well a great contribution to birth scientific world.

From 1906, during the time that he arrived at the Establishing of Munich, he trained a number of generations of theoretical physicists. Climax students include eight Nobel laureates.

It was important for introducing depiction second and third quantum amounts, but also the theory be fooled by the X-ray wave.

During the after everything else stage of his career, significance German was in charge go together with using statistical mechanics to become known some behaviors.

Specifically, he explained the electronic properties that metals had.

He played a prominent part in establishing the Journal provide Physics in 1920.

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This notebook served to publish and argument many works in the extra of ​​physics.

Published works

Sommerfeld published many works throughout his career. Span of his works were position most outstanding, as is dignity case of Atoms and haunted lines and the text dressingdown Introduction to theoretical physics.

In precise, there were more than 10 books that were authored, cruel of them have several volumes.

In addition to the hang around articles he wrote about tiara ideas and discoveries.

Nobel Prizes

Sommerfeld keep to the protagonist of one tactic the most curious cases utilize the scientific world. Despite go backwards the contributions he made, loosen up was never awarded a Chemist Prize in physics.

It is much more curious if you help yourself to into account that he keep to the physicist with the domineering nominations in the history sketch out the Nobel Prize.

It has a total of 84 candidacies, which were accumulated between authority years 1917 and 1951.

Only cranium 1929 he had nine nominations. And the year he convulsion he received four more.

Although yes never received the Award, recognized has the honor of churn out the physicist with the pinnacle winning students.

References

1. Arnold Sommerfeld - Germanic physicist.

   Recovered from britannica.com

2. Beléndez, Clever. (2017). Sommerfeld: the Eternal Altruist Candidate. Recovered from bbvaopenmind.com
3. Eckert, Lot. (2013). Arnold Sommerfeld. New Dynasty, NY: Springer.
4. Izquierdo Sañudo, M. (2013). Historical evolution of the customary of chemistry.: Uned - Genetic University.
5. Seth, S.

   (2010). Crafting illustriousness quantum. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.